But the past 20 or so years has also seen the rise of "digital editing" also called nonlinear editing , which makes any kind of editing easier.
The notion of editing film on video originated when films were transferred to video for television viewing. Then filmmakers used video to edit their work more quickly and less expensively than they could on film. The task of cleanly splicing together video clips was then taken over by computers using advanced graphics programs that could then also perform various special effects functions. Finally, computers convert digital images back into film or video.
These digital cuts are a very far cry from Mli's editing in the camera. The unkindest cut of all: editing and censorship. Films can and have traditionally been censored even after release simply by cutting out anything deemed unsavory. In the first three decades of film, even individual American cities routinely cut out parts of films with overt sexual content or controversial subject matter.
All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. To order the e-book book direct from the publisher, visit the Penguin USA website. You can also purchase this book at Amazon. Filmophile's Lexicon Shot : The basic temporal unit of film photography and editing.
Director's Cut Did you know that the first real film school in the world? Filmophile's Lexicon Montage is a confusing term because, like love , it means different things to different people. Second Take The laws of gravity and insurance prevent most contemporary he-man stars from performing a tenth of the feats the very small Keaton performed, which is one reason that action sequences tend to be so heavily edited.
Director's Cut The unkindest cut of all: editing and censorship. New York: Harvest, The Film Sense. Leyda, Jay, ed. Film Essays and a Lecture. New York and Washington: Praeger, Taylor, Richard. London: British Film Institute, Sergei Eisenstein. While it is extremely doubtful that Kuleshov's experiment worked exactly as he claimed for one thing, it is likely that the actor's face actually contained an ambiguous expression since Kuleshov had taken the footage from an existing film , the Soviet filmmakers of the s followed Kuleshov's lead in fashioning a much more aggressive method of editing than what they had found in the films of Griffith.
Eisenstein believed that editing or montage was the essence of cinema, and beginning with his first film, Stachka Strike , , and continuing most famously with Bronenosets Potyomkin Battleship Potemkin , , he created an editing style that he called "dialectical montage" that was abrupt and jagged and did not aim for the smooth continuity of Griffith-style cutting.
The massacre of townspeople on the Odessa Steps in Potemkin exemplifies the principles of dialectical montage and is possibly the most famous montage in the history of cinema. The jaggedness of Eisenstein's editing in this sequence captures the emotional and physical violence of the massacre, but he also aimed to use editing to suggest ideas, a style he termed "intellectual montage. Although Eisenstein's sound films, Aleksandr Nevskiy Alexander Nevsky , and Ivan Groznyy I and II Ivan the Terrible Part One [] and Two [] , do not exhibit the radical editing of his silent films, Eisenstein's approach to montage—the extreme way he would fracture the action into tiny, brief shots—proved to be tremendously influential.
The gun battles in Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch , edited by Lou Lombardo — , was quite consciously based on Eisenstein, and the hyperactive editing of much contemporary film, with edit points only a few frames apart, is part of Eisenstein's legacy. The dominant style of editing practiced during the classical Hollywood period, from the s to the s, was quite different from Soviet-style montage. It is sometimes called "invisible editing" because the edit points are so recessive and so determined by the imperative of seamless continuity.
Hollywood-style editing carefully matches inserts and close-ups to the physical relations of characters and objects as seen in a scene's master shot, and follows the degree rule keeping camera setups on one side of the line of action so that the right—left coordinates of screen geography remain consistent across shot changes.
Cut points typically follow the flow of dialogue, and shot—reverse shot editing uses the eyeline match to connect characters who are otherwise shown separately in close-ups.
This style of editing assured the utmost clarity about the geography of the screen world and the communication of essential story information. For these reasons, it is sometimes called "point-of-view" editing or "continuity editing. In the late s and early s, films of the French New Wave introduced a more aggressive editing style than was typical of the Hollywood studios.
As a result, by the s the highly regulated point-of-view editing used in classical Hollywood began to break down as an industry standard, and the cutting style of American films became more eclectic, exhibiting a mixture of classical continuity and more abrupt, collage-like editing styles.
Overall, this film incorporated special effects that were innovative and leaps and bounds ahead of its time2. Throughout the next few decades, the science fiction genre would see a dramatic decrease in success in the box office before it picked back up after World War II.
Destination Moon centered around Dr. On May 25, , George Lucas released his science fiction space opera Star Wars to cinemas worldwide. When George Lucas founded Lucasarts, his company created their own non-linear editing computer workstation that used random-access editing, thus creating a power-efficient system for editing films Roberts. Star Wars, along with the TV series Star Trek, laid the groundwork for escapism in science fiction films, something that attracted many viewers of all ages and backgrounds.
Computer-Generated effects, what is commonly referred to as CG, have only been in films since with the first use of 2D animation in Westworld. This animation consisted of a mock up of a infrared or motion detector. Since its first use in Westworld, Computer-Generated effects were slowly used by certain films, but were first only used as graphical interfaces in films like Star Wars, The Black Hole, and Alien.
The first film to use a significant amount of CG was Looker, wherein the character Cindy was fully-3D and even featured 3D-shading. Later, the first film to use fractals in generating a landscape for a scene would be Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan in , with Tron shortly afterwards being the first film to extensively use 3D Computer- Generated effects throughout the entire film.
Throughout the next few years, Computer- Generated effects would be used increasingly across both films and television shows. Every shot in The Phantom Menace had a massive combination of Computer-Generated environments, objects, elements, special effects, and even characters. In recent years, many more people are going to video sharing websites like YouTube and Vimeo and creating a variety of videos for millions of visitors to watch, rate, and comment.
In this same amount of time, non-linear editing programs have become more available and more affordable for the average person. Companies like Lightworks, AVID, Adobe, and Wondershare all have their own, unique non-linear editing softwares available at a variety of prices for anyone to purchase, install, and use anyday, at anytime Roberts.
The very essence of editing a film can still be captured and used in editing videos that are posted to YouTube or Vimeo. The boom of video creation for online video sharing services like YouTube or Vimeo do indeed have their own benefits, at least three. The first benefit being that anyone can make any kind of videos.
For example, one can record a video of them playing a video game while discussing either the events unfolding in the game or the events in their own life. These videos incorporate a combination of video game footage with original commentary, with even the most basic versions of this style of video requiring the editor to synchronize their commentary to the video game footage.
Another example is an abridged style of video. The second benefit is that anyone can acquire as much experience with editing videos and films, whether those films are short, one to thirty minutes, or feature length, a couple of hours, as they want, with their skills with editing growing in strength with each video they create. The editing style characteristic of most modern fiction films is.
Violating the degree rule in a shot will cause the audience. The point in a shot at which the audience has been able to assimulate most of its information is called. The editing style used primarily to condense the time and space of an action while keeping the action logical and continuous is. The most celebrated instance of editing virtuousity in silent films is. Cutting to continuity preserves the fluidity of an event without literally showing all of it.
T or F True False. Editing gives a director a greater degree of control over his audience's actions.
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