The primary toxic effects of this toxin are damage to the liver and kidney. Following EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, there is inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential of cylindrospermopsin.
Anatoxins bind to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors affecting the central nervous system neurotoxins. There are multiple variants, including anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, and anatoxin-a s. These toxins are mainly associated with the cyanobacterial genera Chrysosporum Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Cuspidothrix, Raphidiopsis previously Cylindrospermopsis , Cylindrospermum, Dolichospermum, Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Planktothrix, Phormidium, Dolichospermum previously Anabaena flos-aquae, A.
There is no information available on the carcinogenicity of anatoxin-a in humans or animals or on potential carcinogenic precursor effects. When toxigenic marine dinoflagellates are consumed by shellfish, toxins concentrate and are delivered to consumers of the shellfish. These toxins have been reported also in freshwater cyanobacteria including Aphanizomenon flos—aquae, Dolichospermum previously Anabaena circinalis, Lyngbya wollei, Planktothrix spp. Skip to main content. Contact Us.
This recent increase in the occurrence of HABs has been attributed to increasing anthropogenic activities and their interaction with factors known to contribute to the growth of cyanobacterial blooms. Point sources which may include discharges from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants, concentrated animal feeding operations CAFOs , Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems MS4s , stormwater associated with industrial activity, and other and non-point sources which may include diffuse runoff from agricultural fields, roads and stormwater , may be high in nitrogen and phosphorus and can promote or cause excessive fertilization eutrophication of both flowing and non-flowing waters.
Skip to main content. Contact Us. Top-down control in freshwater lakes: the role of nutrient state, submerged macrophytes and water depth.
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